Christiaan Huygens was interested in studying the effects of bodies inside fluids. It was before Newton, though, that many important questions began to appear. It was only with Leonhard Euler that the differential and continuum form of fluid dynamics was developed\(^1\). However, Newton treated fluids such as air as a particle agglomerate. Newton’s law of viscosity described the relationship between a fluid’s shear stress and shear rate when subjected to mechanical stress. The field of fluid dynamics was first scientifically defined in Newton’s Principia Mathematica in 1687, analyzing for the first time the dynamics of fluids. More advanced and involved concepts such as turbulence, discontinuities, and viscosity were introduced in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The most basic ideas of the mathematics of fluid mechanics - including its structure and formulations - emerged between the late seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth century. The layer (or lamina) of fluid in contact with either plate does not move relative to the plate, and so the top layer moves at\boldsymbol.Join SimScale Today! The Discovery of Viscosity The bottom plate is held fixed, while the top plate is moved to the right, dragging fluid with it. Two parallel plates have the specific fluid between them. Which one travels faster? Why?įigure 3 shows how viscosity is measured for a fluid. Try dropping simultaneously two sticks into a flowing river, one near the edge of the river and one near the middle. MAKING CONNECTIONS: TAKE-HOME EXPERIMENT: GO DOWN TO THE RIVER There is more interaction, greater heating, and more resistance than in laminar flow. (b) An obstruction in the vessel produces turbulence. Notice that viscosity causes drag between layers as well as with the fixed surface. (a) Laminar flow occurs in layers without mixing. We shall concentrate on laminar flow for the remainder of this section, leaving certain aspects of turbulence for later sections. The drag both between adjacent layers of fluid and between the fluid and its surroundings forms swirls and eddies, if the speed is great enough. First, any obstruction or sharp corner, such as in a faucet, creates turbulence by imparting velocities perpendicular to the flow. Streamlines are smooth and continuous when flow is laminar, but break up and mix when flow is turbulent. The lines that are shown in many illustrations are the paths followed by small volumes of fluids. When there is turbulence, the layers mix, and there are significant velocities in directions other than the overall direction of flow. Layers flow without mixing when flow is laminar. (credit: Creativity103)įigure 2 shows schematically how laminar and turbulent flow differ. If you watch the smoke (being careful not to breathe on it), you will notice that it rises more rapidly when flowing smoothly than after it becomes turbulent, implying that turbulence poses more resistance to flow. The smooth flow is called laminar flow, whereas the swirls and eddies typify turbulent flow. Smoke rises smoothly for a while and then begins to form swirls and eddies. Turbulent flow, or turbulence, is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together. Laminarflow is characterized by the smooth flow of the fluid in layers that do not mix. Before we can define viscosity, then, we need to define laminar flow and turbulent flow. The precise definition of viscosity is based on laminar, or nonturbulent, flow. In this section, we will investigate what factors, including viscosity, affect the rate of fluid flow. In the previous sections we have considered ideal fluids with little or no viscosity. Juice has low viscosity, whereas syrup has high viscosity. We call this property of fluids viscosity. The difference is fluid friction, both within the fluid itself and between the fluid and its surroundings. But when you pour syrup on your pancakes, that liquid flows slowly and sticks to the pitcher. When you pour yourself a glass of juice, the liquid flows freely and quickly. Explain how pressure drops due to resistance.Calculate flow and resistance with Poiseuille’s law.Define laminar flow and turbulent flow.
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